|
A social cue can either be a verbal or non-verbal hint, which can be positive or negative. These cues guide conversation and other social interactions. A few examples of social cues include: * facial expression * vocal tone * body language * body posture * gestures * proximity Social cues serve several purposes in social interactions that help to clarify people's meanings and intentions. Cues help provide clues as to whether or not one is being accepted or rejected by those around them. They also provide more information about a person, group or interaction that allow for a higher degree of intimacy and quality of contact. One of the most important impacts of cues on social interactions is the reduction of ambiguity. However, children use social cues somewhat differently from adults. More specifically, children use social cues in order to comprehend and learn about their surroundings. Research has found that children rely more on social cues than adults and that children focus more on gestural than other types of cues.〔 Facial expressions are signals that we make by moving our facial muscles on our face. Facial expressions generally signify an emotional state, and each emotional state and/or state of mind has a specific facial expression, many of which are universally used around the world. Without seeing someone’s facial expression, one would not be able to see if the other person is crying, happy, angry, etc. Furthermore, facial expressions enable us to further comprehend what is going on during situations that are very difficult and/or confusing. Body language and body posture are other social cues that we use to interpret how someone else is feeling. Other than facial expressions, body language and posture are the main non-verbal social cues that we use.〔 Gestures are specific motions that one makes with the hands in order to further communicate a message. Certain gestures such as pointing gestures, can help direct people’s focus to what is important that is going on around them.〔 Not only does using gestures help the speaker to better process what they are saying, but it also helps whoever is listening to that person to better comprehend what the speaker is saying. Proximity represents the physical distance and/or closeness between people. Not only does this affect one’s ability to see or touch the other person that they are communicating with, but is also affects one feeling of psychological closeness that one person has for the other. Furthermore, studies have found that people feel more connected to each other when they are in closer proximity to each other. == Using social cues in communication== Recent work done in the field studying social cues has found that perception of social cues is best defined as the combination of multiple cues and processing streams. Zaki suggests that there are two social cognitive processes involved in our perceptions of social cues, which are experience sharing and mentalizing. Experience sharing is a person’s tendency to take on another person’s facial expressions, posture and internal state. Mentalizing is a person’s ability to rationalize another person’s state, in relation to goals, intentions and behaviors. One’s perception of social cues is often impacted by other cues in the environment. According to Zaki, using a combination of experience sharing, mentalizing and other processes is essential to understanding complex social cues. Judgments made by others are greatly influenced by facial appearance from multiple cues. There is a wealth of information that people gather simply from a person’s face in the blink of an eye, such as gender, emotion, physical attractiveness, competence, threat level and trustworthiness. One of the most highly developed skills that humans have is facial perception. The face is one of the greatest representations of a person. A person's face allows others to gain information about that person, which is helpful when it comes to social interaction. The fusiform face area of the human brain plays a large role in face perception and recognition; however it does not provide useful information for processing emotion recognition, emotional tone, shared attention, impulsive activation of person knowledge and trait implications based on facial appearance.〔 n 〕 Cognitive learning models illustrate how people connect cues with certain outcomes or responses. Learning can strengthen associations between predictive cues and outcomes and weaken the link between nondescriptive cues and outcomes. Two aspects of the EXIT model learning phenomena have been focused on by Collins et al. The first is blocking which happens when a new cue is introduced with a cue that already has meaning. The second is highlighting which happens when an individual pays close attention to a cue that will change the meaning of a cue that they already know. When a new cue is added along with a previous one it is said that individuals only focus on the new cue to gain a better understanding as to what is going on. An important tool for communication in social interactions is the eyes. Even 12-month-old babies respond to the gaze of adults. This indicates that the eyes are an important way to communicate, even before spoken language is developed. People must detect and orient to people’s eyes in order to utilize and follow gaze cues. Real world examples show the degree to which we seek and follow gaze cues may change contingent on how close the standard is to a real social interaction. People may use gaze following because they want to avoid social interactions. Past experiments have found that eye contact was more likely when there was a speaker’s face available, for longer periods of real-world time. Individuals use gaze following and seeking to provide information for gaze cuing when information is not provided in a verbal manner. However, people do not seek gaze cues when they are not provided or when spoken instructions contain all of the relevant information. People can gain valuable information from another person’s social cues, such as their intentions and future actions. This can help in terms of our own decision making and help alert us to potential dangers or an advantageous event. The ability for people to shift through these social cues in response to others is crucial for effective social interaction and for fruitful communication within the surrounding environment. A stimulus that is perceptually salient can cause a person to automatically use a bottom-up approach or cognitive top-down intentions or goals. This causes one to move in a controlled and calculated manner. A peripheral cue is used to measure spatial cuing, which does not give away information about a targets location. There are cues that express both social approval and social disapproval. These cues can be displayed by brief facial displays, warm or cold vocal tones, being sought out or snubbed at a get together. People who are best at being able to read these cues will be better at avoiding further rejection and regaining inclusion by engaging in behaviors that receive warmer responses. According to Picket and colleagues, the social monitoring system (SMS) is used to help individuals take in information from the environment around them and become more attuned to it and it helps them better navigate the social environment. SMS attunes people to cues in their environment that signal both potential belonging and potential rejection.〔 There is also rejection sensitivity where individuals expect and readily perceive rejection from others such that ambiguous social cues come to be seen as signs of rejection. If people are able to correctly read both positive and negative social cues, it will better allow them to learn the contingencies of acceptance and rejection and be able to traverse different environments in a way that allows for greater social inclusion. Individuals high in belonging needs are generally more attuned to social cues involving acceptance or rejection. When these individuals experience high levels of loneliness they begin to experience higher levels of social monitoring and scanning the environment for social cues. A person’s level in need for belonging is associated with their ability to sense and accurately decipher verbal and nonverbal social cues. People higher in need to belong show a greater empathic accuracy and more attention to vocal tone. They are also better at identifying emotional facial expressions. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Social cue」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|